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M1.       &n= bsp;  (a)     1 mark for each adaptation and 1 = mark for its correct linked advantage

        long / thick hair / fur (1)
for insulation (1)

allow keeps warm

        small ears (1= )
for reduced heat loss (1)

        small feet (1= )
for reduced heat loss (1)

ignore wide feet
ignore prevent sinking

        white fur / coat (1)
for camouflage / poor emitter (1)

        small SA/V ratio (1)
reduces heat loss (1)

        thick layer of fat (1)
insulates / keeps warm (1)

max 4

 

(b)     1 mark for each adapt= ation and 1 mark for its correct linked advantage

        horns (1)
for defence (1)

        long legs (1)
for speed / escape / vision (1)

        light colour (1)
for camouflage (1)

allow pattern

        eyes on side of head (1)
for wider field of vision (1)

        hooves (1)
for speed / escape (1)

        large ears (1)
to hear predators better (1)

max 4

[8]

 


 

 

M2.       &n= bsp;  (a)     leaves less likely t= o be eaten / mown

1

(b)     plant less likely to be pulled out by grazers

1

(c)     better competitor for light / grows higher than other plants to gain light

1

(d)     better competitor for water / collect water from a larger area

1

[4]

 


 

 

M3.       &n= bsp;  (a)     sulfur= dioxide

1

(b)  = ;        degelia

extra boxes ticked cancels the= mark

1

 

(c)     (i)      towards the east

extra boxes ticked cancels the= mark

1

(ii)  = ;            &n= bsp; tick in bottom row

extra boxes ticked cancels the= mark

1

[4]

 


 

 

M4.       &n= bsp;  (a)     streamlined / aerody= namic / swept-back / arrow-shaped / dart-shaped
wings / tail

allow pointed / curved wings ignore pointed tail / beak

          O= R

          <= span class=3DGramE>large / long wings

ignore large tail

1

 

(b)     no / fewer insects / food (in winter)

allow too cold

ignore not adapted to cold

ignore day length

1

 

(c)     (i)      any two from

        feed / hunt at different heights or swifts feed higher up

        feed / hunt at different times or swifts feed at night

        arrive / depart at different times

2

 

(ii)     nesting= sites / territory / habitat

allow homes / space

ignore food unqualified
allow well qualified food answers
eg insects / food near the ground

or

insects / food when it€™s ligh= t

or

insects / food between early M= ay and early August

1

[5]

 


 

 

M5.       &= nbsp;  (a)     (i)   = ;   any two from:

list principle

        light

ignore oxygen / food / sun

        water

        space

        nutrients / ions / minerals / named

        carbon dioxide / CO2

2

(ii)     less competition for water

ignore space / light / food

or

         more water / nutrients / minerals available

1

 

(b)     camoufla= ge / same shape as leaf / looks like a leaf

allow €˜blends in€™

ignore colour

1

[4]

 


 





M6.       &n= bsp;  (a)     any two from:=

control variables from informa= tion given

        area of bed sampled

        sampling time

        size of net

        kicking action

        net position

2

 

(b)     any two from:

must be ideas related to a<= /u> sample

        some animals not dislodged

ignore reliability etc

        some animals missed / through / escaped net

        invertebrates difficult to identify

        invertebrates from outside area

2

 

(c)     10 to 99 or 10 €“ 99 or 99 to 10 or 99 €“ 10 

1

 

(d)     any two from:

        increased / goes up

allow increase implied from al= l data described

        0 at sample 4=

        to (more than) 100

2

 

(e)     mayfly

1

          <= span class=3DGramE>because not found downstream of point where sewage ent= ers stream
or only in the unpolluted water

1

[9]

 


 

 

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